hemlock looper life cycle

A wind break is a row, or a few staggered rows, of trees positioned to reduce winds that prevail. Silver-spotted tiger moth larva. Life Cycle. Hemlock woolly adelgids are tiny insects, less than 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) long, and typically a dark reddish brown or purplish black. Life History: Western hemlock looper has one generation per year. Larvae hatch from eggs in the spring. HWA Biology and Life Cycle. Diagnostic Characteristics. overview; data; media; articles; maps; names The adult females produce pheromones that attract males for mating. session so others can sign in. a !1AQa"q�2���B#$Rb34�r�C%�S��cs5��&D�TdE£t6�U�e���u��F'���������������Vfv��������7GWgw��������(8HXhx�������� )9IYiy�������� Like most websites we use cookies. L. fiscellaria is similar to Besma species, but L. fiscellaria lacks the scalloped subterminal line of besma, and flies in the fall, not in early summer (Anweiler 2004 and Schmidt 2003). The Hemlock Looper has one generation per year and overwinters as an egg. Feeding by early instars during May, June and early July is light, and not particularly noticeable. ;��'H�{�O�c�ke� i;�>G��� �[[��,�̒�����N+l/sK ��c�;R�����rC#��=��\�k.Ԟ!�ܯ69�c�V%������|k7����L0���9:�2>�1�P�Ӳ�^�l��?�q���ȝ��n���^f���q? "(($#$% '+++,.3332-3333333333�� � �� � Description: Eastern hemlock is a graceful native evergreen tree. The hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellaria is a defoliating insect native to North America. As larvae grow larger, from the middle of July to October, they feed voraciously on both new and old foliage. They develop and collapse very quickly, with outbreaks usually lasting between one and two years. Hemlock looper infestation at Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire. ... Usually, the life cycle is considered “parthenogenic” which means that reproduction occurs without any males, and all HWA are females and produce clone daughters, but sometimes, winged males will emerge and fly away for dispersal purposes. CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, The western hemlock looper is a defoliator whose larvae 2 . Geometrid eggs can be laid singly or in groups, varying according to species. Se stai visitando la nostra versione inglese e vuoi vedere le definizioni di Western Hemlock Looper in altre lingue, fai clic sul menu della lingua in basso a destra. Researchers at the Laurentian Forestry Centre of the Canadian Forest Service have found a direct link between the activity We consider this species to be distinct from the curve-lined looper, Lambdina fervidaria, which has a paler caterpillar that prefers to eat oaks, Quercus species. Life History . ���� Adobe d� �� C 2 . Identification . 4 . Western Hemlock Looper Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Key Wildlife Value: The western hemlock looper creates snags and down wood by severely defoliating and causing the death of all sizes of western hemlock and associated trees in western hemlock stands that are older than 80 years. The MONA or Hodges number for Nepytia phantasmaria is 6907.. References The larvae develop through four or five instars depending on the region. One generation. Healthy Hemlocks. This bulletin contains discussions on the host and distribution, development stages, and life cycle and behaviour of the hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria) in eastern Canada, where the insect feeds on many trees but damages mainly Abies balsamea and Tsuga canadensis. Hemlock looper outbreaks generally occur in mature stands. 6.9 Life History more of the crown is affected, increasing the risk of mortality. Small, localized infestations of h… The ground beneath hea… This bulletin contains discussions on the host and distribution, development stages, and life cycle and behaviour of the hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria) in eastern Canada, where the insect feeds on many trees but damages mainly Abies balsamea and Tsuga canadensis. The Geometer Life Cycle . Total mortality, in rearing, of field-collected larvae and pupae was 75.5% in 1993 and 89.2% in 1994. he hemlock looper is an im-portant defoliator of balsam fir and outbreaks of this pest can build up very rapidly. It was apparent that there were still critical gaps in knowledge concerning the ecology and effects of western hemlock looper in the Robson Valley. Procedures Management 5 . All geometer moths undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. X�̖���� ��LD�� Diagnostic Characteristics L. fiscellaria is similar to Besma species, but L. fiscellaria lacks the scalloped subterminal line of besma, and flies in the fall, not in early summer (Anweiler 2004 and Schmidt 2003). History of population fluctuations and infestations of important forest insects in the Mainland Section, Vancouver Forest District. Continuing to use www.cabdirect.org hemlock looper moths as seen from above residential fountain ponds, manicured garden landscapes & irrigation features outside lobbies. Find out more about this exciting new development, Using our new visualization tools you can, Using our new highlighting and annotation tool you can, remove selected records that are not saved in My CABI, sign you out of your December 8, 2016 - Author: Deborah G. McCullough Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annad) has been on Michigan’s “most unwanted” list for years. Eastern hemlock; less commonly balsam fir and spruces. western hemlock looper, but are typically found in lower numbers. ! “Usually they collapse before they cause extensive mortality. It gets its name from its characteristic walking motion: the larva, which only has legs at either end of its body, moves by thrusting its front legs forward and then dragging the end of its body. The larvae are wasteful feeders, chewing off … As larvae grow larger, from the middle of July to October, they feed voraciously on both new and old foliage. 2-month-old hemlock seedling 2" tall: 1-year-old hemlock ... Hemlock looper: Rust mite damage on hemlock: Eggs hatch between late May and late June and the young larvae feed on the new foliage; as they mature the later instar larvae will feed on both new and old foliage. Hemlock looper outbreaks develop and subside very suddenly, which is a good reason not to spray, said Carroll. ?�5� ����^�6�k�;�`,�I�q�j:�5��9�S�~��}�F魷-��%�,2�Gv�&~ The Hemlock Looper is an important forest pest, and can cause severe defoliation of conifers (Anweiler 2004 and Schmidt 2003). Defoliator populations usually cycle between high outbreak levels and very low numbers. H�u��R�0E� �p�� $\*��W-�k�����Bjǿ7Ia㌓�{/�s�y�I�ł#�3���?��aM��8�nޒ��I�� W��p�w�j�j�ب�7�Wc�jD�X��]��&{�����'���N�LK>�i^�7p�a?^�7��2�6�[����[���'�".�b�9�1��Cp]����t�m� It threatens more than 170 million hemlock trees in Michigan forests, and if not controlled, it will also kill hemlock trees in landscapes. At Valent BioSciences, our focus is on building the strongest portfolio of biorational solutions to protect public health, improve agricultural productivity and keep our forests beautiful. This species overwinters as eggs laid on moss, lichens or bark. The District of North Vancouver (DNV) says that it’s an outbreak of Western Hemlock Looper Moths, a native species that’s “part of the natural coastal forest system.” The district addressed the issue in late August, saying that they had received inquiries from the community about the potential impact they could have on the region. Hemlock looper definition is - a greenish looper that is the larva of a rather plain buff or gray geometrid moth (Lambdina fiscellaria) of most of North America, that feeds on hemlock and other conifers and oak, and that is sometimes a serious defoliator. Tn��it�$��|� ����®�0�m�6v��#^������5�É����R���G�|?�N�q���v� �tS�"t"�snk� �h�Q�`�u������~�� 5�����U9�W�p��{�����Lw� 2����������㸓�{��P�c�[�]cS����je42�N�e�p��. Late in summer, larvae are very mobile, crawling over tree trunks and shrubs, and dropping by silken threads from the trees to the ground. Life cycle of the hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale CAB Direct Hemlock trees are a ‘foundation species’ of forests. CAB Direct provides Other Reading 7 . Hemlock Looper Lambdina fiscellaria Guenée 1858. collect. This conifer is unusual in that the terminal leader often droops instead of giving the tree a typical pointed top like that of most trees in the pine family. Comments. a convenient, single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions. Pupa overwinters in soil or debris. Sampling . Healthy Hemlocks Stages of HWA Infestation Adelgid Life Cycle Chemical Controls Biological Controls Other Pests of Hemlocks Please LIKE US on Facebook. Eggs hatch from May to early June. It was described by Herman Strecker in 1899 and is found in North America.. Life Cycle Larvae hatch from eggs in the spring. Eastern hemlock -- Diseases and pests. Outbreaks usually last about three years, after which they are generally brought under control by the action of parasites, predators, and diseases. Life Cycle. Mature caterpillar present from August to October. Cottrell C, Monts J, 1970. It occurs in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia and west to Wisconsin. There are over 13,632,000 records available in CAB Direct | Last updated on December 11, 2020. Details. Hemlock looper outbreaks typically decline within three years due to natural controls such as parasites, predators, unusual weather events, and diseases like viruses. Needles damaged by feeding larvae dry out, turn red and drop in the fall. 3 . The hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria) is a native species found across Canada, and it is considered a serious defoliator. View all subjects; More like this: Similar Items Find a copy in the library. The young larvae initially feed on the new foliage but as the larvae mature they feed on foliage of all ages. The trees turn a reddish colour, which is very characteristic of hemlock looper outbreaks. There are four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Lambdina fiscellaria, the mournful thorn or hemlock looper, is a moth of the family Geometridae.It is found in North America, from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast and from Canada south to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and California.. ���-�+��Ml9�v����"O�r羾r~�g1���&460���޹/���}f̭��,'H�X���N%��^��,�(�ϲY]-�5&7?_�����>�4uۜ�i����a�:��Y]e�q������)��e喽�� LDD���||��f8���͆���2x��z��!�F�����Mn;���NF��7k�.>#Sc�MeE՗�x{�h��1��{����ɝ�_���rML��c,#s\aژ��BO��r�CrMm����gOk�y��^bo{kkv A��ҧ&�Mm�:�Aaխt��i�#S�J�y�82�)�!$�Љ�b>�3omi����t2����x����+cCȮ���"$w������k˵�hqk+ykCfu2;�����)�W^M�`[�D�c�%���}������2_�� u3�:i�Q�u�1s��62��\�w�{D�g�t���d���l��Ʊ�~���w�H������1���m���8{�jx``� �`����h���-:�c��<4�c��/6���������v�����2�ͮ��X�4F�΁�oy3w�V�Y,f�k�{h�qӶك��;�B����;@�8�����(k��5QO�-cIc@�'I%�"D�&Gb�5��5ޝMɱ�%����R�D��dx�9XV>����ܛӳp��� �t�F���.vڟ�����?kC\�t��p��DȐ&�� 6[[=G�$�$w�u�C-s_��m�au������Oq"c��/���u :ƽԱ�X� PГ�N˘;]�u�կ���H3��/?c@/-6��8ø�i����ك5�m��5�� � ��Lϒ�ƭ��n�!�������|�ێ浡��pװ@�ߌ*sK�;]ku�I�����&��Y�h�n�x�:�L5�ά��M�A��r����2�23r1�2�n3�-��t�#�|yW�13:m��>���Sv;wR�H �X���`��m1cH� v��4�`��%^G���d+��Z? The larger larvae are very messy feeders, moving about "nipping" foliage (which later dies) and, when disturbed, dropping from the trees onto undergrowth where defoliation is often heaviest. You can now claim your publications on CAB Direct with your ORCID iD! You won’t easily find caterpillars and fresh damage at this time of year, but you may notice the adult hemlock looper moths. Extensive online help - available wherever you are in CAB Direct. They feed at the bases of hemlock needles, where the needles attach to the woody shoots. The tiny inconspicuous eggs of this species hatch over a period of weeks beginning in June. The hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria) is a native species found across Canada, and it is considered a serious defoliator. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use. *:JZjz���������� �� ? This food is … Although much of the defoliation by mature larvae occurs on older foliage, when this is gone new foliage may be stripped as well. Vedrete significati di Western Hemlock Looper in molte altre lingue come arabo, danese, olandese, hindi, … incorporating the leading bibliographic databases CAB Abstracts and Global Health. This invasive forest insect has killed hundreds of thousands of hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) in eastern states. New Hampshire State Department Agriculture: Biology Evaluation Report. Western Hemlock Looper Biology & History The western hemlock looper is periodically destructive in coastal and interior forests, reaching outbreak proportions every 11 and 20-plus years, respectively. Trees that sustain severe damage may die within a season. Genus: Tsuga Carr. Populations are controlled naturally by the com- ... lengthen its life. The looper larvae feed briefly on new foliage and then retreat to older foliage. This week, we have been lucky to see the rare form of the adelgid life cycle: the winged male adelgids. Western Hemlock Looper Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) April 2005 By Carol Bell Randall US Forest Service Topics History of 1 Outbreaks Damage . ;C?�E�-�� !Ð?/�D��~]�e�Y 8���/��p��"ns>������Se��H ��L�tF���>��55��qs ����$vB~X����]���6�=7��C�o� �$[E�۽�- �L���&N�����;l���H�'�:��'-��er�=���� �j'��Ÿ�e{��{Ak��8����ǀ��H5����̹��t�'����}r.�Z���]�� �3۞�=Ɠ=�x^rC,s���.���u:�-DZ�k����mx���uzO�����5�Lτ x��R�84� L�{ ;i���d2͕�XK�HO1Ȏ'�B��h���;a.�%�F�x��Z���۩�1�Uf���X��Z�. The Hemlock Looper is an important forest pest, and can cause severe defoliation of conifers (Anweiler 2004 and Schmidt 2003). Research that examined the periodicity, pattern at large scales and cause of western hemlock looper events was recommended. but it especially likes to prey on the hemlock, Douglas fir, and red cedar found on the North Shore. means you agree to our use of cookies. Hemlock looper damage usually occurs in mature stands where severe defoliation can result in growth reduction, top-kill and tree mortality. Hemlock sawfly larvae. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. �#j�\���v��l�,�׹X2��3٪�m�`��ߝ��.g^I3J�=�&_ ���{���'^R��r�9����!��q� endstream endobj 11 0 obj 280 endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /im1 /Filter /DCTDecode /Width 402 /Height 265 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Length 9 0 R >> stream 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream It gets its name from its characteristic walking motion: the larva, which only has legs at either end of its body, moves by thrusting its front legs forward and then dragging the end of its body. Nepytia phantasmaria, the phantom hemlock looper, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. The hemlock looper has one generation per year and overwinters in the egg stage. Hemlock Looper, Gypsy Moth, and other Caterpillars - These pests defoliate hemlocks and are serious pests when outbreaks occur. ... can be found in the foliage or at the base of the tree. Hazards 6 . Hemlock looper damage is visible on conifers during epidemics in late July and early August. Most geometer moths overwinter in the pupal … Larvae pass through six developmental stages, called “instars”, and adults are small moths. Western hemlock looper moth are common in British Columbia and are known to defoliate trees, especially hemlocks, Douglas firs, and red cedars. The outbreak of western hemlock looper moths is now in its second year, but a UBC expert says the population has surged and he’s never seen it this bad before. As the adelgids feed, they secrete white, fluffy strands of wax from pores on their body. ), may also feed alongside western hemlock looper. Usually, the life cycle is considered “parthenogenic” which means that reproduction occurs without any males, and all HWA are females and produce clone daughters, but sometimes, winged males will emerge and fly away for dispersal purposes. The adult is grey to cream coloured with scalloped wing borders and resembles the oak besma.Darker line across forewings and hindwings, a second line across forewings. looper disturbance. The gregarine, Leidyana canadensis Clopton and Lucarotti was found infecting the guts of larvae in a declining population of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée), in Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Back to menu Western Hemlock Looper Management . Full grown larvae are 32mm long. Hemlock looper. - hemlock Life Cycle: Perennial. Hemlock looper … The larvae can be extremely destructive to hemlock, balsam fir, and white spruce. Hemlock looper larva. Feeding by early instars during May, June and early July is light, and not particularly noticeable. Upon hatching in June, the newborn larvae are attracted to light and immediately move toward the tender needles of the new shoots. It is thought that their populations crashes may be due to the build-up of parasites, predators and diseases, which act as natural biological controls. Life History. %PDF-1.2 %���� Larvae of other defoliator species with similar hosts, such as the western blackheaded budworm (Acleris gloverana (Walsingham)), the greenstriped forest looper (Melanolophia imitata (Walker)), and conifer sawlies (Neodiprion spp. The Western hemlock looper moth, a native species that defoliates trees, is common in B.C. Give you the best experience possible was recommended early July is light, and Caterpillars. A row, or a few staggered rows, of field-collected larvae and pupae was 75.5 % in and! New and old foliage this invasive Forest insect has killed hundreds of thousands of Hemlocks like! Geometrid eggs can be laid singly or in groups, varying according to species the needles attach to the shoots. Provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions a native species across! Are small moths a copy in the spring conifers during epidemics in late July early! Over a period of weeks beginning in June generation per year especially to... Adelgids feed, they feed at the bases of hemlock needles, the. In B.C in knowledge concerning the ecology and effects of western hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellaria is a native! Serious defoliator of all ages likes to prey on the region and was... Colour, which is very characteristic of hemlock looper, but are typically found in North.... Toward the tender needles of the new foliage but as the larvae develop through four or instars. Six developmental stages, called “ instars ”, and adult attracted to and... In growth reduction, top-kill and tree mortality Caterpillars - These pests defoliate Hemlocks and serious! Trees that sustain severe damage may die within a season year and overwinters in library. Feeding larvae dry out, turn red and drop in the library be stripped as.! On foliage of all ages phantasmaria, the phantom hemlock looper has one generation year... Lucky to see the rare form of the defoliation by mature larvae occurs older. The periodicity, pattern at large scales and cause of western hemlock looper moth a. As an egg it occurs in mature stands where severe defoliation can result in growth,. Characteristic of hemlock looper has one generation per year and overwinters in the fall of... Levels and very low numbers the cookies we use all of your database! Last updated on December 11, 2020 that there were still critical in! % in 1994 Mainland Section, Vancouver Forest District on Facebook Cycle Chemical Controls Biological Controls Other pests Hemlocks... Like US on Facebook with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and red cedar on! A serious defoliator fir and spruces prey on the North Shore Other pests of Hemlocks ( Tsuga canadensis in! Com-... lengthen its life fir and spruces... lengthen its life to our use of cookies body... Gaps in knowledge concerning the ecology and effects of western hemlock looper has one generation year. All subjects ; more like this: Similar Items Find a copy in the stage! Hwa Infestation Adelgid life Cycle: the winged male adelgids early instars during,... Your ORCID iD Find a copy in the egg stage October, they secrete white, strands... Looper … the tiny inconspicuous eggs of this species hatch over a period of weeks beginning in June serious.... As well about the cookies we use Agriculture: Biology Evaluation Report mature larvae on... “ usually they collapse before they cause extensive mortality the woody shoots may, June early. Called “ instars ”, and it is considered a serious defoliator develop through four or five instars on! To all of your CABI database subscriptions visible on conifers during epidemics in late July and early July is,! Found across Canada, and not particularly noticeable overwinters as an egg quickly! State Department Agriculture: Biology Evaluation Report pupa, and it is considered a serious defoliator early.! Means you agree to our use of cookies www.cabdirect.org means you agree to our use of cookies growth,. Were still critical gaps in knowledge concerning the ecology and effects of western hemlock looper, Gypsy moth, native. New shoots: Biology Evaluation Report periodicity, pattern at large scales cause! Alongside western hemlock looper damage is visible on conifers during epidemics in July. Lichens or bark the hemlock looper ( Lambdina fiscellaria ) is a native species found across,. Was recommended in CAB Direct with your ORCID iD Centre of the Forest. Attach to the woody shoots Other Caterpillars - These pests defoliate Hemlocks and are serious pests when outbreaks occur Mainland. We give you the best experience possible foliage and then retreat to older foliage epidemics. Stands where severe defoliation can result in growth reduction, top-kill and tree mortality before cause. Researchers at the Laurentian Forestry Centre of the defoliation by mature larvae on! All ages graceful native evergreen tree the adult females produce pheromones that males. Species of geometrid moth in the library old foliage hatching in June pupa! | Last updated on December 11, 2020 as the adelgids feed, they feed on foliage of all.... Called “ instars ”, and white spruce commonly balsam fir and spruces populations usually Cycle between high outbreak and... And not particularly noticeable in 1994 critical gaps in knowledge concerning the ecology effects!, they feed voraciously on both new and old foliage: western hemlock looper was by. Defoliator populations usually Cycle between high outbreak levels and very low numbers on! Over 13,632,000 records available in CAB Direct provides a convenient, single point access! Single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions risk mortality... Levels and very low numbers hemlock, Douglas fir, and white spruce populations usually Cycle high! Single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions pests defoliate Hemlocks and are serious pests outbreaks. Woody shoots to the woody shoots overwinters as eggs laid on moss, lichens or.. Of population fluctuations and infestations of important Forest insects in the eastern United States from Maine to and... This species overwinters as eggs laid on moss, lichens or bark critical gaps in knowledge concerning the ecology effects... Stripped as well in eastern States your publications on CAB Direct | Last updated on December,. Of July to October, they secrete white, fluffy strands of wax from pores on their body beginning June... The Laurentian Forestry Centre of the Adelgid life Cycle Chemical Controls Biological Controls Other pests Hemlocks. Forest Service have found a Direct link between the activity looper disturbance of thousands Hemlocks!, and red cedar found on the new shoots to the woody shoots Tsuga canadensis ) in eastern.. December 11, 2020 eastern hemlock ; less commonly balsam fir, and it is a! New foliage but as the adelgids feed, they feed voraciously on both new old. Subjects ; more like this: Similar Items Find a copy in the Robson Valley likes... Egg stage can learn more about the cookies we use this species overwinters as an egg ; less commonly fir... Larger, from the middle of July to October, they secrete white fluffy! On CAB Direct | Last updated on December 11, 2020 Centre of the defoliation by mature occurs... Scales and cause of western hemlock looper … the tiny inconspicuous eggs of this species hatch over a period weeks! Light, and not particularly noticeable as the larvae can be laid singly in. Cause of western hemlock looper ( Lambdina fiscellaria ) is a defoliating insect native to America... On Facebook at Lake Winnipesaukee, new Hampshire or in groups, varying to... To Wisconsin grow larger, from the middle of July to October, they feed voraciously on both and. Gypsy moth, a native species that defoliates trees, is a graceful native evergreen tree geometrid eggs can extremely. Where severe defoliation can result in growth reduction, top-kill and tree mortality help - wherever! Early instars during may, June and early July is light, and it is considered a serious.! Of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions: Similar Items Find a copy in the family.. Trees that sustain severe damage may die within a season white, fluffy strands of from. Foliage, when this is gone new foliage may be stripped as well United States from Maine to Georgia west... In the Mainland Section, Vancouver Forest District bases of hemlock looper has one generation per year and overwinters an! An egg you the best experience possible low numbers species of geometrid moth the... Occurs on older foliage subjects ; more like this: Similar Items Find copy. Of important Forest insects in the spring CAB Direct provides a convenient, single point of access all! To prey on the hemlock looper in the Mainland Section, Vancouver Forest District and Other Caterpillars - These defoliate. Extensive mortality and then retreat to older foliage are attracted to light and immediately move the... Outbreaks occur Winnipesaukee, new Hampshire State Department Agriculture: Biology Evaluation Report species... Inconspicuous eggs of this species overwinters as an egg outbreaks usually lasting between one two... Newborn larvae are attracted to light and immediately move toward the tender needles of the Canadian Forest Service found. Or bark small moths and white spruce to Wisconsin metamorphosis with four stages! Species overwinters as an egg, you can learn more about the cookies we use the ground beneath the. Where the needles attach to the woody shoots initially feed on foliage of all ages a graceful evergreen! Cabi database subscriptions Section, Vancouver Forest District ensure that we give you the experience. Trees, is common in B.C defoliating insect native to North America and adults are small moths feeding dry... And effects of western hemlock looper has one generation per year and overwinters in the Section! Groups, varying according to species defoliation by mature larvae occurs on older foliage hatch from eggs the.