[224][225] Some other neighborhoods around İstiklal Avenue have been revamped to cater to Beyoğlu's nightlife, with formerly commercial streets now lined with pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music. [253] Hürriyet's English-language edition, Hürriyet Daily News, has been printed since 1961, but the English-language Daily Sabah, first published by Sabah in 2014, has overtaken it in circulation. [85] From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. [198] Whereas 2.4 million foreigners visited the city in 2000,[citation needed] there were 13.4 million foreign tourists in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city. It served as an imperial capital for almost sixteen centuries, during the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204), Latin (1204–1261), Byzantine (1261–1453), and Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. Later, the name Constantinople (after the Roman emperor Constantine, who transferred the capital from Rome to there) became dominant. [46] Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. [214] The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the Istanbul Biennial, held every two years since 1987. [252] Istanbul also has long-running Armenian language newspapers, notably the dailies Marmara and Jamanak and the bilingual weekly Agos in Armenian and Turkish. [269], The Silahtarağa Power Station, a coal-fired power plant along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. [232], Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the Summer Olympic Games. The largest non-Sunni Muslim group, accounting 10–20% of Turkey's population,[172] are the Alevis; a third of all Alevis in the country live in Istanbul. [94] Seismologists say the risk of a 7.6-magnitude or greater earthquake striking Istanbul by 2030 is more than 60 percent. Parts of the province that are away from both seas exhibit considerable continental influences, with much more pronounced night-day and summer-winter temperature differences. The people of Istanbul remain concerned that an even more catastrophic seismic event may be in the city's near future, as thousands of structures recently built to accommodate Istanbul's rapidly increasing population may not have been constructed properly. [215], Istanbul has numerous shopping centers, from the historic to the modern. Istanbul is the name of the South European urban settlement’s name. That name stuck for most of the Middle Ages, i. e. during the time of the Byzantine Empire. Istanbul straddles both Europe and Asia, with its commercial and historical centre and two-thirds of the population in Europe, the rest in Asia. One page states that "Each MM is sub-divided into District Municipalities ("DM"). [citation needed] In the run-up to local elections in 2019, Erdoğan claimed 'if we fail in Istanbul, we will fail in Turkey'. [122], During the Ottoman period, Üsküdar (then Scutari) and Kadıköy were outside the scope of the urban area, serving as tranquil outposts with seaside yalıs and gardens. [17] Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, which urged other countries to use Istanbul. Politically, Istanbul is seen as the most important administrative region in Turkey. [15], Shipping is a significant part of the city’s economy, with 73.9 percent of exports and 92.7 percent of imports in 2018 executed by sea. With its focus now solely on music and dance, the Istanbul Festival has been known as the Istanbul International Music Festival since 1994. [285] The O-7[286] or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. [273], In 2000, Istanbul had 137 hospitals, of which 100 were private. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive.[132][133]. [60] On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–49. [15] Haydarpaşa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. [100] The annual precipitation in the northern half can be twice as much (Bahçeköy, 1166.6 mm), than it is in the southern, Marmara coast (Florya 635.0 mm). Byzantium. The O-7 motorway from Kinali Gişeleri to Istanbul Park Service has 139 km, with 8 lanes (4x4). [108][112] The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in the city center on the Marmara coast are 40.5 °C (105 °F) and −16.1 °C (3 °F). [240] Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010, Abdi İpekçi Arena was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001. The Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı Âli), which became a metonym for the Ottoman government, was originally used to describe the Imperial Gate (Bâb-ı Hümâyun) at the outermost courtyard of the Topkapı Palace; but after the 18th century, the Sublime Porte (or simply Porte) began to refer to the gate of the Sadrazamlık (Prime Ministry) compound in the Cağaloğlu quarter near Topkapı Palace, where the offices of the Sadrazam (Grand Vizier) and other Viziers were, and where foreign diplomats were received. [citation needed], Ranking 11th by GDP among the world's urban areas in 2018, Istanbul is responsible for 30 percent[190] of the country's industrial output, 31 percent[190] of GDP, and 47 percent of tax revenues. In: Edhem, Eldem. [129], Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. The current Turkish government often insists on the name Istanbul instead of the older names which were used or are still in use in foreign countries. In winter some parts of the province average freezing or below at night. Istanbul-based Star TV was the first private television network to be established following the end of the TRT monopoly; Star TV and Show TV (also based in Istanbul) remain highly popular throughout the country, airing Turkish and American series. One of the exceptions, offering both, is Açık Radyo (94.9 FM). Despite efforts to make Ankara Turkey's cultural heart, Istanbul had the country's primary institution of art until the 1970s. [26] That early settlement, important in the spread of the Neolithic Revolution from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. When finished in 2027, Istanbul’s new airport will have six runways and four terminals capable of accommodating 200 million passengers a year. [185] By 1711, using the printing press, books came to be published in Spanish and Ladino, Yiddish, and Hebrew. the old name of istanbul was constantinople. [16], Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000. [67] Plague continued to be essentially endemic in Constantinople for the rest of the century, as it had been from 1520, with a few years of respite between 1529 and 1533, 1549 and 1552, and from 1567 to 1570; epidemics originating in the West and in the Hejaz and southern Russia. Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. [27][28][29][30] The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE,[31] On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. [226] Other focal points for Istanbul's nightlife include Nişantaşı, Ortaköy, Bebek, and Kadıköy. [159], Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. Erdoğan, the AKP's presidential candidate, received exactly 50.0% of the vote in the presidential election held on the same day. Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang (1977). Blue Mosque, another landmark of the city, faces Haghia Sophia in Sultanahmet Square. Istanbul was occasionally a venue of the F1 Powerboat World Championship, with the last race on the Bosphorus strait on 12–13 August 2000. The highest point in Istanbul is Çamlıca Hill, with an altitude of 288 meters (945 ft). Thracian tribes founded a settlement here ; its earliest known name was Lygos. [g], The Sinan Erdem Dome, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, as well as the 2011–12 Euroleague and 2016–17 EuroLeague Final Fours. [100] Dense fog disrupts transportation in the region, including on the Bosphorus, and is common during the autumn and winter months when the humidity remains high into the afternoon. Dominated by low-cost carriers, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009;[319] the airport handled 14.7 million passengers in 2012, a year after Airports Council International named it the world's fastest-growing airport. Need a reference? The most recent of these is the 13,800-seat Ülker Sports Arena, which opened in 2012 as the home court of Fenerbahçe's basketball teams. Akmerkez was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers in 1995 and 1996; Istanbul Cevahir has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; Kanyon won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006. A follow-up to Chandler & Fox 1974, In the Ottoman period the inner core of the city, inside the city walls, came to be known as "İstanbul" in Turkish and "Stamboul" in the West. Leaving aboard the British warship HMS Malaya on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in Sanremo, Italy, on 16 May 1926. Founded as Byzantion by Megarian colonists in 660 BCE, and renamed as Constantinople in 330 CE,[9] the city grew in size and influence, becoming a beacon of the Silk Road and one of the most important cities in history. Similar to the MMI, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration has a governor, a democratically elected decision-making body—the Provincial Parliament—and an appointed Executive Committee. Sephardic Jews settled in the city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497. ", Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri, Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013, Museum of Science and Technology in Islam, Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest, "December 2013 address-based calculation of the Turkish Statistical Institute as presented by citypopulation.de", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&oldid=993714692, Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey, Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list, Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia articles scheduled for update tagging, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2020, Articles with failed verification from November 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 02:36. as a corruption of Greek phrase eis tan (ten) polin "in (or to) the city," which is how the local Greek population referred to it. Borsa Istanbul was originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1866. [48][49] Numerous churches were built across the city, including Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. [55] They established the Latin Empire in place of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Namely, the name Kostantiniyye, a variant of Constantinople, was dominant during the Ottoman period. As of 2019[update] the city's mean air quality remains of a level so as to affect the heart and lungs of healthy street bystanders during peak traffic hours,[323] and almost 200 days of pollution were measured by the air pollution sensors at Sultangazi, Mecidiyeköy, Alibeyköy and Kağıthane. [288][289] Apart from the three Bosphorus Bridges, the dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi) Eurasia Tunnel (which entered service on 20 December 2016) under the Bosphorus strait also provides road crossings for motor vehicles between the Asian and European sides of Turkey. [315] Once all phases are completed in 2025, the airport will be able to accommodate 200 million passengers a year. [140] Topkapı Palace became public property following the abolition of monarchy in 1922. Modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement. The AKP government had supported a 'Yes' vote and won the vote nationally due to high support in rural parts of the country. Emirgan Park is known for its diversity of plants and an annual tulip festival is held there since 2005. [308][309][310] Service to Ankara and other points across Turkey is normally offered by Turkish State Railways, but the construction of Marmaray and the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed line forced the station to close in 2012. Stories for how it was settled, stories about its older names, stories about sites, about Bosphorus, about ordinary people… It’s rich in everything. [135] The most ancient is the Egyptian Obelisk. [81] Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the Liberation Day of Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. Contemporary History (20th century onwards), 1936: Francisco Franco Takes Power in Spain, 1946: Nazi War Criminals Sentenced at Nuremberg, 1949: Communist State Established in China, 2000: Sinking of the Huge Russian Nuclear Submarine K-141 Kursk, Early Modern History (16th to 18th century). [136] The minarets date from that period.[136]. However, it is interesting that the Ottomans did not prefer the name Istanbul after they conquered the city, and usually used the name Kostantiniyye. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is Belgrad Forest, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. [66] He also invited people from all over Europe to his capital, creating a cosmopolitan society that persisted through much of the Ottoman period. Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit increased dramatically, from 43,000 in 2007[168] to 856,377 in 2019. For the purpose of parliamentary elections, Istanbul is divided into three electoral districts; two on the European side and one on the Asian side, electing 28, 35 and 35 MPs respectively. [227], Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest sports clubs. The Ottoman name for Constantinople was officially Qonstantiniyye (which is close to what is written in the question). . [228] Galatasaray SK and Fenerbahçe SK have fared better in international competitions and have won more Süper Lig titles, at 22 and 19 times, respectively. [19][20] Kostantiniyye (Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطينيه‎), Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah (meaning "the Protected Location of Constantinople") and İstanbul were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. [93] Üsküdar on the Asian side exhibits similarly hilly characteristics, with the terrain gradually extending down to the Bosphorus coast, but the landscape in Şemsipaşa and Ayazma is more abrupt, akin to a promontory. they now spell it as is Turkish [254] Istanbul's airwaves are the busiest in Turkey, primarily featuring either Turkish-language or English-language content. It was the capital of both the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire . [97][98][99] Due to its size, diverse topography, maritime location and most importantly having a coastline to two different bodies of water to the north and south, Istanbul exhibits microclimates. [123] As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of gecekondus (literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. The city is further divided by the Golden Horn, a natural harbor bounding the peninsula where the former Byzantium and Constantinople were founded. [125] Moreover, large scale gentrification and urban renewal projects have been taking place,[126] such as the one in Tarlabaşı;[127] some of these projects, like the one in Sulukule, have faced criticism. [138] Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans made an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces. The names of İstanbul throughout history . 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