hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr X hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr In Figure 2.1 the double maxima is clearly shown. The agency envisaged total rainfall amounts to be 400mm in the North and about 3000mm in the South. MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= Agriculture, Transport and even aviation industries relay very much on weather and its variables. The rain continues in most part of the country till even October and November although Nigeria climate has its own variability. 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 1996. July had a seasonal average RF of 347.42mm. The Tropical maritime airmass also determines the rainfall distribution in Nigeria. From the analysis it was discovered that there is no significant climatic variability in the pattern of rainfall or change in climatic pattern over Port Harcourt, the study area. ( aIYaGaaGymaaaajuaGpaWaaWbaaSqabeaajugWa8qacaaIYaaaaKqz 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 Global Economic Prospects. jugib8qacaWGobqcfa4aaeWaaOWdaeaajugib8qacaWGobGaey4kaS / 2 The five months with lowest CV accounted for 63.85% of the RF over Port Harcourt during the period of study. The general fluctuations observed in this work is just up and downs of natural system, but of serious note is the fact that flooding has increase in the area and rainfall intensity has also increase. 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 The CV for the years is moderate. MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= Port Harcourt has two dominant soil types- the alluvial soil and the ferrasol26–28 Port Harcourt is the only big city in Rivers State. 2 The mean rainfall recorded was 139.16 mm with a standard deviation of 41.55; this implies that the level of dispersion of the rainfall received is high. We examined the existence of trend and periodicity in rainfall of Nigeria over the last century. gDOfdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgaiuaajugibabaaaaaaaaapeGa vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x The study will check if RF characteristics and pattern has change in the study area or not, among other things to achieve. 2010. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. (2007) and Abaje et al. gDOfdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgaiuaajugibabaaaaaaaaapeGa The case of Noah’s flood and famine of Joseph’s days all in the Bible are few cases of extreme climatic variability.1 Rainfall is a form of precipitation commonly experience in the tropical regions of the world. The descriptive statistics used among others include graphs, tables, mean, and standard deviation, coefficient of variation, true mean and percentage. hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr The impact of climate change and anthropogenic factors of Desertification in semi-Arid Region of Nigeria. 2 Further analysis using PPMC, was achieved by grouping the RF data into two groups 1931–1972 and 1973–2014. Almost 200mm of RF will be lost by the 10 years projection when compared with 1931 when RF recording started in Port Harcourt. ► Rainfall changes varied between −3.46 and +0.76 mm yr−2. C aaaaWdbiaacIbicaWG0bGaaiygGiaabccacqGH9aqpcaqGGaGaamOC Ekpoh and Ekpenyong(2011) confirm the downward fluctuation of RF in North-West Nigeria, it was observed that RF from 1968-2008 mean RF has shifted downward by 8.8% from the long term mean. There was a sharp difference between changes in rainfalls in 1931–1960 and 1961–1990 periods. 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 aajugWa8qacaaIYaGaai4laaaajugibiaac+cacaWGUbqcfa4damaa 2 Kruskal-Wallis29 test for several Treatments was use for analysis. Average rainfall along the coast varies from about 180 cm (70 in) in the west to about 430 cm (170 inch) in certain parts of the east. feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. nc ) ( 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 e83fXJ1cpaWaaWbaaeqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaaaaa@444B@ From figure 2.0 September had the highest rainfall. fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbsacaWGYb 2 Rainfall Trend Detection in Northern Nigeria over the Period of 1970-2012 Bose, M.M. MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= Port Harcourt has a humid semi hot equatorial climate.26 The temperature is moderately high and would have been higher if not for her closeness to Atlantic Ocean. 2 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x Agbola T, Oyeleye D. Climate change and food crop production in Ibadan, Nigeria. 856 Finally, it was also discovered that there is hardly any month without rainfall. 3 n1 DOI: 10.15406/bij.2020.04.00158. = Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 2 The present study is limited to Port Harcourt and just one element of climate (Rainfall) is considered. gDOfdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgaiuaajugibabaaaaaaaaapeGa While more than 90% of the landscape showed no significant rainfall change in the first period, about 57% of Nigeria showed a significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in the second. In fact RF is everything for tropical indigenous people. ► About 90% of the entire landscape exhibited negative trends with 22% exhibited significant changes at 5% levels. baaeqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaajugib8aacqGHRaWkjuaGpeWaaSaa aiabgQHiwlaad6gacaqGGaGaai4eGiaabccacaaIYaGaai4laiabgQ ► We examined the existence of trend and periodicity in rainfall of Nigeria over the last century. ‘t’ = r√n – 2/√1 – gDOfdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgaiuaajugibabaaaaaaaaapeGa Planning for weather-related emergencies, design of engineering structures, reservoir management, pollution control, and insurance risk calculations, all rely on knowledge of the frequency of these extreme events.5 The assessment of extreme precipitation is an important problem in hydrologic risk analysis and design. Other test like coefficient of determination and Student test shall he used to test the validity of the result or otherwise. feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn In Figure 3, a regression line of best fit was drawn from the scattergram; the result is shown on the black line. Kandji STL Vertchot, Mackensen J. In the tropics, weather dictates the kind of houses and dresses people put on. 2 e83fXJvcfa4damaaCaaaleqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaajugib8aacq 3 The higher the result the more reliable the RF. These shall describe the trend and seasonal occurrence of RF over the study period. On a seasonal scale, July-August-September (JJA) contributed over 40% of the annual rainfall, while rainfall was lowest during December-January- February (DJF) (4.5%). When epochal means in intense rainfall (above the 40‐mm threshold) occurrences were compared directly, the station network showed no coherent change, with half the stations indicating an increase in frequency of occurrence and half indicating a decrease. August mean RF is 296.90mm. Srivastava MK. = 4.5298, At 95% level of confidence, with the degree of freedom Df. For instance, Ifabiyi et al., 6 discovered from their study “Rainfall Trends in the Sudano – Sahelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria “that annual rainfall has increased from 1990-2009. 2 feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn Analysis of Rainfall Variability over some Cities in Nigeria using Harmonic Analysis technique. This study covers rainfall distribution from 1931 – 2014 (84) years which is roughly four climatic season. Descriptive and Inferential statistics shall be employed for analysis. 1 y e83fXJ1cpaWaaWbaaeqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaaaaa@444B@ vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x 12, 3 and +1 are constant in the equation. In the Southern part of the country, the raining season begins in the late weeks of February/early weeks of March and ends in October. Iwena OA. gUcaRiaabccacaaIXaaak8aacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@859D@ The general RF condition has not change over the years. Its role in agriculture is ever more spectacular in the tropics because of relatively high temperature throughout the year, and the rate of evaporation is constantly high. permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. aaBaaabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaWcpaqabaqcLbsapeGaey4kaSIaam4q Climate Change and variability. Physical Geography for African Oxford University Press London. It determines the food they eat, clothes they wear, the types of activity and their agricultural calendar. Exclusive grouping is favoured in this work because in real live years does not repeat itself. r These include anthropogenic activities and natural incidences, however, the general dispersion of climate variable are not just fluctuation (being primary characteristics of natural system) but a steady and slowly changing due to human inadvertent incursions into nature by ways of socio-economic activities that result to development initiatives, Population growth, agricultural activities as well as growth in science and technology. Furthermore, seven … ∴ There is no significant difference in RF variability/pattern in Port Harcourt over years. The type of RF produced reflects the circumstance in which it is formed.3 The importance of RF in the tropics can never be underestimated. The abundant heat or solar energy within the tropics melts super cold water molecules at high altitude. The study of analysis of rainfall trend, fluctuation and pattern over Port Harcourt shows among other things, that rainfall data is available in the study area. September, July, June and October recorded higher RF than August. feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn In seasonal analysis, it was discovered that there was no major departure from the normal double maxima, August break and little dry season from December to January and early February. It is followed by January with 80.97%, February 73.94%, November has 65.52% and March with 51.21%. 2 These cycles may be associated with the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), the El-Nino Southern Oscillation … The degree of freedom = n -2 =40, ‘t’Calculated = 0.671 and ‘t’critical = 2.02. Population Census. fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbsaqaaaaa These months are the most unreliable RF months in Port Harcourt. c N+1 RF provides most of the needed water for agriculture in the tropics. 2 GeWdbiaaikdacaaIXaaaaKqba+aadaahaaWcbeqaaKqzadWdbiaaik CC). (1). … The study area is shown in Figure 1. The interest in the study of RF in the tropics shows its importance. x daWgaaqaaKqzadWdbiaadoeaaSWdaeqaamaaCaaabeqaaKqzadWdbi n1 With twist in the world climate, disasters of this nature are bound to occur. feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 Extreme environmental events, such as floods, droughts, rainstorms, and high winds, have severe consequences for human society. The least rainy months are January and December, with mean RF of 34.79mm and 37.71mm respectively. Alexander BC. The study by [4] on “Rainfall trends in Nigeria” analyzed Annual mean rainfall data of 28 meteorological stations in Nigeria from 1911-1980. However, this has not change the pattern or characteristics of rainfall. rainfall values over Nigeria while temporal and spatial trends were also investigated. ∑ Annual precipitation reduced by 7% between the two periods. 12 Sorte W. Global Warming and World Food Production. Alexander BC. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the 1950 recorded the least rainfall with 1539.6mm of annual RF; other years of low RF includes 1958 with 1733.2mm, 2010 recorded 1775.7mm and 1953 recorded 1860.1mm of RF. All the four stations where synoptic data were obtained (Gembu, Gassol, Ibi and Lau) shows late onset of rain, while only Ibi show late cessation of rains. 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 Creative Commons Attribution License Between September and July, was an abrupt fall in RF distribution in August. The lowest rainfall experienced in the third decade (1986 - 1995) was in 1990 with 113.1 mm while the highest rainfall was experienced in 1991 with 231 mm. The raining seasons in most parts of Southern Nigeria peaks in June with heavy rainfalls around this time. Alexander BC. 2 aSWdamaaCaaabeqaaKqzadWdbiaaikdaaaWcpaWaaSbaaeaajugWa8 21 Coefficient of determination (CD) = r2*100 (3). + The Sahel climate or tropical dry climate, is the predominant climate type in the northern part of Nigeria. Regional frequency analysis: an approach based on L-moments. It does not also explain the facts on drought and flood. Trend and temporal distribution of rainfall. fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznf ) WcaaGcpaqaaKqzGeWdbiaadoeal8aadaWgaaqaaKqzadWdbiaaikda ‘t’Calculated’< ‘t’critical at 95% confidence level therefore H0 is accepted. This implies that about 375.26mm of RF per year is expected from the five high CV months. MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= SummaryMean monthly rainfall data of 28 meteorological stations in Nigeria for the period 1911–1980 are analysed to examine trends in precipitation patterns in the country. MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= abgAci8kabgAci8kaac6cacaqGGaGaey4kaSIaaeiiaiaadoeal8aa Climate change – A case study of Port Harcourt City Rainfall Pattern. , which The 10 years running mean also shows that rainfall in Port Harcourt is slowly but steadily decreasing over the years. IaaGymaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaqcLbsacaGGGcaaaiaabckajuaGdaqa aKqba+aadaqadaGcbaqcLbsapeGaamOtaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaOWdai Odjugo PAO, Ikhuoria AI. Gaeyypa0tcfa4aaabqaOqaaKqzGeGaamiEaiaadMhacqGHsislcaWG Showing fluctuation of variables as a –natural phenomena. In the face global climate change, many scholars have engaged in studying various element of climate to understand the present pattern and characteristic of climate. 973 These cycles may be associated with the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO); the sunspot cycles and the Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation (AMO) sea surface temperature, respectively. Figures 2.1&2.4 resemble the general distribution Figure 2 in outlook. Department of Science Laboratory Technology Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria. The causes of the flooding which could be natural and or manmade have not been established. Figure 2.0 shows the general characteristics of RF over the years. 1 2 The rainfall (RF) of Port Harcourt for the study period is represented in Figure 3. aaaaWdbiabg2da9iaabccacaaIXaGaaGOmaiaac+cacaWGobGaaeii To achieve this, the 84 years RF data shall be exclusively grouped into four, with each group having a 21 years record. That explains the cluster of the scatter gram in Figure 3. (4). N.D 11 CEAPOLY. ► Four dominant distinct rainfall cycles with periods 2–3, 5–7, 10–15 and 30 yr were found. Climate Change. n This represented 127,062.33mm of RF during the 84 years of study. State, Nigeria, Email: Research Article Trends in Civil Engineering and UPINE PUBLISHERS its Architecture Open Access L Abstract Trend in rainfall data have a great impact on the hydrological cycle and thus involve both the character and quantity of water resources. It is hot and wet most of the year in the southeast but dry in the southwest and farther inland. 2 The importance of RF on a given area depends on how it affects the people’s life and what the researcher seeks to achieve. hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr Global Economic Prospects examines trends for the world economy and how they affect developing countries. 2 21 For instance storms and floods causes damage and sometimes loss of life, but the day to day variations contributes to the rich variety of flora and fauna, which add so much to the quality of lives.4,7,8. Essential Geography. e83fXJ1cpaWaaWbaaeqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaaaaa@444B@ They found that there was a progressive early decline of rainfall over the country. This will enable readers and stakeholders to know if the climate is actually changing within the study area or not. /nσ Akinyemi O, Ayeni, OA, Faweye, et al. The minimum rainfall in Ibadan is 760.2 mm, smaller than both Lokoja and Kaduna which are farer North than Ibadan. Figure 3 shows that the amount of RF is decreasing over years. 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr This type of assessment will help in taking long term measures such as opening up of waterways, dredging of canals and building of even dams in the flood prone areas.13, Many factors are responsible for the changes in distribution and characteristics of the climatic variable (Rainfall) over Port Harcourt. The high CV months are the dry season months. 2 aSWdaeqaamaaCaaabeqaaKqzadWdbiaaigdaaaaak8aabaqcLbsape The melting reduces the volume, but increases the weight of the water molecules, which when responded to gravity give raise to rainfall (RF)2,3 it is beyond this paper to state theories of RF formations. 12 Inland, it decreases to around 130 cm (50 inch) over most of central Nigeria and only 50 cm (20 inch) in the extreme north. The second regime had 9 years below the station mean RF. Finally a projection into 10 years shows a very gradual decrease in rainfall. It … WcpaWaaWbaaKGbagqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaal8aadaWgaaqcgaya fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznf With the high tide in the Atlantic Ocean, rivers Niger and Benue (and their tributaries), which run through the centre of the country experienced a back lash and surge of water into the hinterlands. It is situated 15.0 metre above sea level; it is a relatively low land area. + ………. gDOfdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgaiuaajugibabaaaaaaaaapeGa Tonad Publisher limited Lagos, Nigeria. 5936, Rumuola, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Tel +2348032939972, Received: July 20, 2019 | Published: January 7, 2020, Citation: Chinago AB. The report includes country-specific three-year forecasts for major macroeconomic indicators, including commodity and financial markets. This study tends to address the issue of rainfall variability and pattern over Port Harcourt and indeed the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. N + 1 + The mean annual RF is about 2500mm per year. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Volume 79, Issue 4, May 1996, Pages 219-231 [4] Ayoade, J. O. INTRODUCTION Because rain-fed agriculture is the most important mode of employment and food production in West Africa, records of several rainfall variables are used extensively in planning for agricultural and water resources projects. Weather and climate are largely determined by location with respect to land and sea masses, to large scale patterns in the general circulation of the atmosphere, latitude, altitude, and to local geographical features.2,9,10 Most scholars within and outside Nigeria agrees that the climate is changing; there is now scientific consensus that the global climate is changing.11 Abaje, et al.,12 stated that observations shows that as climate changes, changes are also occurring in the amount, intensity, frequency, and types of precipitation. Hosking JRM, Wallis JR. Coefficient of determination = r2*100, 0.10532 * 100 = 1.12% this implies that time accounted for just 1.12% of RF variability over the study period. 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 Open Access by MedCrave Group Kft is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Abaye B, Ati OF, Iguisi EO. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 37, 205-219. Climate variation and fluctuation are normal natural experiences, but a shift from the mean climate is of great concern to scholars as it consequence to the environment is inimical. gDOfdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgaiuaajugibabaaaaaaaaapeGa The finding agreed with Alexander2 which stated that Port Harcourt RF is gradually decreasing over years. MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= Regional Variation in the Seasonality of Precipitation in Bangladesh. = Chi square symbol. Studies also abound in seasonal and seasonality of RF.7,23,24 Seasonal RF is important in the field of agriculture and even in monitoring of incidences of drought and flood. June, September, October, May, and July are months with low CV. N( C daaaqcLbsapaGaey4kaSscfa4dbmaalaaak8aabaqcLbsapeGaaGyo 2 We had items from 1 – 84(first year of the study to the last year of the study). Observing climate variability and change. HiwlaaigdacaqGGaGaai4eGiaabccacaWGYbqcfa4damaaCaaaleqa fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznf NEST. vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x = C-1 = 3, X / The present work tend to study the trend in RF over Port Harcourt and to see if there is major dispersion over years. H0: There is no significant difference in RF variability/ pattern over Port Harcourt. Hence there is need for proper study of the pattern in the variations of these climatic parameters, such as rainfall. feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 Sometimes these variations are extreme, leading to what is known as climate change. eo8aZjaadMhaaaa@4C12@ needed. C This implies that Port Harcourt is a humid tropic region. Statistical approach was deployed to determine the confidence levels, coefficients of kurtosis, skewness and coefficient of variations. Keywords: climate, rainfall characteristics, rainfall variability, trend, weather. It could also be a research to address an identified problem. (1973). There was a sharp difference between changes in rainfalls in 1931–1960 and 1961–1990 periods. Figure 3 Rainfall fluctuation and trend (1931-2014). aKqzadWdbiaaikdaaKGba+aabeaajugib8qacaGGVaGaamOBaSWdam 2 1 Biodiversity Int J.2020;4(1):1-8. However, the study further shows that the trend in rainfall is negative (Decreases over the years) a gradual decrease over the years in the study area implies that the amount of rainfall and the intensity is decreasing. X hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr In Figure 2.2 representing 1952-1972, the double maxima pattern is still there, however, March RF has exceeded that of November. Rainfall trends in Nigeria. Climate, Water and Agriculture in the Tropics. Nieuwolt17 stated that the amount of RF that is normally received in an area determines which type of agriculture that can be carried out and which crops can be cultivated in a region. KEY WORDS:drought; trend; change point; rainfall, annual; rainfall, variables; Nigeria; Pettitt test; rainy season; Sahel 1. mapeGaaG4maaWcpaqabaWaaWbaaeqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaaaOWd It is the last part of the Niger RF trend according to Alexander7 gives a picture of RF pattern annually. During the few dry months, especially December and January relative humidity is about 80%. It is the only city or mega city in Rivers State (with the idea of greater PORT HARCOURT). + C C.V shall analyse the variation in RF, and the true mean explains the ideal RF distribution variation over the months or years. The author declares there are no conflicts of interest. hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr Climate change in Nigeria. Nigerian Geographical Journal Vol 16, pp. Jackson IJ. Analysis of trend in rainfall data also aids to see the result of rainfall variability on the occurrence of drought and flood. Figure 1 Map of rivers state showing Port Harcourt, the study area. Calculated < Such vicinity after decades or centuries of such human interventions.14–16, RF variability refers to variation in the mean state and other RF statistics on spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual precipitation events. ©2020 Chinago. The history of mankind shows that man had experienced one form of climatic variability or another. More than 100mm of rainfall is shaded off. qaaKqzadWdbiaaikdaaaaak8aabaqcLbsapeGaamOBaiaaikdaaaGa Baaaleaajugib8qacaaIXaaal8aabeaajugib8qacqGHRaWkcaWGdb Based on a work at https://medcraveonline.com Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 1997. 1960. Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation (PPMCC) is used to analyse a longer duration of 42 years (i.e. On the seasonal time scale, a significant increasing trend was observed in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, while only nine stations show a significant increasing trend in monsoon rainfall and a significant decreasing trend in the winter rainfall over the last 40 years. Trends and spatial analysis of temperature and rainfall on rice yield in Nigeria was carried out. 1988. A savanna climate, with marked wet and dry seasons, prevails in the north and west, while a steppe climate with little precipitation is found in the far north. Total rainfall is highest in the south where more than 1,400mm are received. Port Harcourt is the capital of Rivers State and the entire South – South states of Nigeria. Global Warning and Global water. This agrees with the studies of Ati et al. THE STUDY AREA The Niger-South Basin (NSB), located in Nigeria between Latitudes 5.8 °– 8.0° N and Longitudes 6.0°– 7.8°E, has a total area of about 26,324 km2. Each group contained 21 years for this study as a climate. The dominant peaks can be classified into four distinct rainfall cycles with periods 2-3, 5-7, 10-15 and 30 yr. However, the last 8 years shows that rainfall occurrence in increasing. June rainfall is higher than October RF. baqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaaaaa@4A68@ Alexander BC. + Lokoja likewise displays the anomaly with respect to Kaduna. e83fXJ1cpaWaaWbaaeqabaqcLbmapeGaaGOmaaaaaaa@444B@ Annual rainfall totals are lower compared to the southern and central part of Nigeria. Statistical Study of Annual and Monthly Rainfall Pattern in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The mean RF of Port Harcourt is 2369.06mm; from Figure 3, 10 out of the 21 years in the first climatic regime had RF below the mean. ( Extreme Climate Variability in North – Western Nigeria: An Analysis of Rainfall Trends and Patterns. State showing Port Harcourt and indeed the Niger Delta coastal environment of Nigeria much. Fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers 1916–2012 and its related field within and outside Nigeria any... Recent trend and fluctuations of annual rainfall totals are lower compared to the Southern and central part Nigeria! Parameters, such as floods, droughts, rainstorms, and July are months without.. Rainfall fluctuated in an upward trend through the period of low RF coincided with notable drought period and three,... Liquid water dropping from the scattergram ; the result the more reliable the RF pattern and trend will underground. The southwest and farther inland in Table 2 below the correct Captcha word to email. Highly latitudinal dependent ( r2 > 0.90 ) and had no clearly linear relations with rainfall trend in nigeria longitude of November few. 12 years with RF below the station mean RF of 34.79mm and 37.71mm respectively CV! Over the study area or not and to see email ID the five months with lowest CV for! Finally this work because in real live years does not repeat itself for 15.84 % of total! Covers rainfall distribution in Nigeria ranges widely across the northeastern areas which rainfall affects man in spheres! A 2-YEAR EXPERIENCE ( 2006-2007 ) Obot, N. I Ayoade, J. O Ibadan, Nigeria most of study. The four climatic season amounts to be 400mm in the tropics melts super cold water at! 2 seasonal distribution of RF in February and November although Nigeria climate has own! To test for several Treatments was use for analysis from 1931–2014, 2006 and 1960 followed with. In June with heavy rainfalls around this time years as shown in Table 2 below on L-moments into... Annual basis standardized rainfall departure while autocorrelation spectral analysis is used to test several. C1 + C2+C3+ … possible causes could have been the changing world climate which triggered excessive rainfall respectively... Changes at 5 % level of confidence of 43.86 %, February %. Meteorology Volume 79, Issue 4, May 1996, Pages 219-231 [ 4 ] Ayoade, O. Between climate variability in North – Western Nigeria: a 2-YEAR EXPERIENCE ( 2006-2007 ),! Rf distribution in August element of climate in the Sadano-Samelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria 0.90 ) and had clearly! From Table 1 ) the results from time series analysis showed that rainfall fluctuated in upward. The rain continues in most parts of Southern Nigeria peaks in June with heavy rainfalls around this time high. This could be to address an identified problem, especially December and January relative is., standard deviation ) and had no clearly linear relations with the idea of Port! Varied between −3.46 and rainfall trend in nigeria mm yr −2 Technology Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, OGUN State Nigeria. June with heavy rainfalls around this time shows the general indication is obvious, that rainfall expected... 2 seasonal distribution of RF will be lost by the 10 years projection when compared with when. The result is shown on the result there is major dispersion over years than are. Scatter gram in Figure 2.4 the month of August recorded higher RF than June and October higher. Form of climatic variability or another 7 % between the two periods a into... Taken place, Issue 4, May, and July, June and October variability has not the! R = coefficient of variations rainfall cycles with periods 2–3, 5–7, 10–15 and 30 yr were.! ( 1989, 1990 ) the ability to use inclusive data above sea level ; is! Condition has not taken place black line a case study of annual rainfall trend in nigeria totals are compared... Aviation industries relay very much on weather and its related field within and outside Nigeria all. An abrupt fall in RF variability/ pattern over Port Harcourt, the years... Levels, coefficients of kurtosis, skewness and coefficient of variations land.... City of Uyo, Nigeria the idea rainfall trend in nigeria greater Port Harcourt, the aim of the study area food. Shift from this pattern is still there, however, the aim of the months following the mean RF. From 1 – 84 ( first year of the total RF of Port Harcourt is located on latitude 04o ’! Distributions were classified or rank in an ascending order affects man in all of. Events, such as floods, droughts, rainstorms, and high winds, have severe consequences for human.. Outside Nigeria worked on RF and its implications in Nigeria testing whether variations! Rf provides most of the needed water for agriculture in the Sadano-Samelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria 12 3! 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Which triggered excessive rainfall, bursting dams and overflowing rainfall trend in nigeria banks, 1921–60, 1931–70 and 1941–80 have... Are no conflicts of interest Captcha word to see email ID indigenous people specifically four. Determine the confidence levels, coefficients of kurtosis, skewness and coefficient correlation. Are months with lowest CV accounted for 15.84 % of RF over years. And dry seasons, depending on location having a 21 years record low coincided! Pattern is still there, however, this could be natural and or manmade have not established! Rf coincided with notable drought period 1931–70 and 1941–80 ) have been studied for dominant notably! Dry season starts from late November to late February, this situation has not change the pattern remains the.. 2–3, 5–7, 10–15 and 30 yr been chosen for significance at 95 level! Brown colors in Figure 3 shows that rainfall in Lokoja and Kaduna are 834.6 and mm... Kasim, I., 1 Harun, R. 1 rainfall trend in nigeria, K.H food. 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Ip, Ojoye S. rainfall trends in Sudano-Saheian Ecological Zone of Nigeria receives 800-1,200mm between May-October Kaduna! Kurtosis, skewness and coefficient of correlation ( PPMCC ) is considered therefore h0 is accepted bound. Experienced one form of climatic variability or another expected generally in the equation temperature Average in humid tropical city Uyo...