Whether he considered the march itself too exhausting, allowing the Romans time to organize a defense, lack of supplies, or simple shock over his complete victory at Cannae. Fourth Macedonian War and the Achaean War. Meanwhile in Sicily, the King of Syracuse, Heironymos was murdered by Roman operatives for fear of his allegiance to Carthage. History of Rome. From Spain Rome gained great quantities of silver, copper and iron besides agricultural products and fish. In 212 BC, through an act of treachery by local Tarentine nobles, Hannibal was able to capture Tarentum bloodlessly. Much like the tactics of Hannibal in Italy, Scipio set up a cavalry ambush and lured Mago to attack. The Second Punic War or the Hannibalic War lasted sixteen years from 218 BC to 202 BC and was fought between the two major powers of Rome and Carthage. The effort backfired, however, and a civil war ensued with pro-Carthaginian forces eventually taking control of the city. Rome benefited greatly from the acquisition of Sicily. The only blemishes on his record, for which he would be furiously punished politically by Cato the Elder years later, were his failure to stop Hasdrubal from escaping to Italy, and the short-lived and uneventful mutiny in 206 BC. His fleet was brought to a strength of about 40 ships under Himilco. Cavalry and infantry poured down from the hills into the unsuspecting Roman lines and caught them completely outside of their normal formations. After an eight month siege, Saguntum was captured. The outbreak of the Second Punic War began when Hannibal moved north across Ebro to begin his historic march over the Alps. The people removed Fabius Maximus from his dictatorship and returned to the Consular elections. The fate of Carthage rested in Hannibal's defense against Scipio Africanus. Preparing for a single and final decidng battle Scipio positioned his forces to prevent a Carthaginian retreat to their base at Gades. Grain and reparations for lost supplies also had to be provided to Rome as well as having the resposibilty of collecting runaway slaves and returning them. With his rear secured, Hannibal continued north. After immense material and human losses on both sides the Carthaginians were defeated. Shortly after Cannae, the Romans rallied back, declaring full mobilization. It was forced to pay a tribute of 10,000 talents, all warships, save 10 were turned over to Rome along with any remaining war elephants. Mr. Stephenson's brief discussion of the economic effects of the Punic Wars. As the enemy approached in formation, Scipio realized that he faced the entire army of the Carthaginians in Hispania and attemped a quick withdrawal from open battle. Masinissa capured Syphax and took him to Cirta, whereby the city surrendered without resistance. At only 25 years of age, the legal age for a praetorship, Scipio, likely in sympathy over the death of his father and uncle, was unanimously elected the overall command of the campaign in Spain. At the end of 211 BC, the positions of both sides were exactly the same as when the war had started in 218. His efforts were in vain, however, as the Punic armies stormed the hastily construced defenses and destroyed the army of the Romans. By the following year, Samnium and Apulia would both be back under Roman control and the path was open for the Romans to besiege Capua, Hannibal's former winter base. The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. Meanwhile, Hannibal's brother Hanno was kept busy suppressing a revolt against Carthage near Bruttium. After Trasimenus, Maximus felt that the Romans had little chance against Hannibal in open warfare. The wealthy benefited, with their lifestyles becoming more luxurious through the Roman cultural exposure to Greek influence. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. Left completely vulnerable, Gnaeus Scipio had little recourse but to slowly withdraw while holding off Hasdrubal's attacks. Gnaeus Scipio landed at Emporiae in NE Hispania, in October 218 BC and immediately advanced south, taking control of territory as far as Tarraco. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Early in the morning, Hannibal ordered a full assault on Flaminius, and the result was a complete massacre. Rome maintained control of Egypt and Spain. While fortune would still be with Hannibal for some time, the war of attrition would only benefit Rome. While the ancient sources vary, Varro and Paulus led upwards of 70 to 80,000 men after Hannibal. The Barcid was the main driver of the conflict between Carthage and Rome. The Second Punic War. The Punic Wars were clashes between titans and were arguably the largest wars of the time period as the two participants were some of the most powerful nations of the time. Weakened by the need to garrison so many new conquests, the Romans were left with only a small contingent of actual legionaries among 45,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Gnaeus went after Hasrubal with an army twice his size, while Publius moved against Mago. Also scouting the enemy during the winter before his first campaign, he discovered that the Carthaginian forces were not only still divided in three forces, but that in-fighting between them seemed to show a lack of cooperation. They held as firm as they could, while Hasdrubal's cavalry pushed around to the rear of the enemy and the Carthaginian infantry held firm on the immediate flanks. Two years later while Scipio pressed on, the last bastion of Carthaginian presence was removed from Hispania. However, by the end of the second century, large numbers of slaves were pouring into Rome, either as prisoners of war or purchased abroad by the new wealthy class of Romans who now employed large staffs of domestic servants or invested as slaves as business ventures. The second Punic War lasted 218-201 B.C.for 17 years. While the First Punic War had been fought largely over control of Sicily, the Second Punic War involved confrontations in Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and North Africa. Fabius Maximus, meanwhile, despite his efforts and success in keeping the economic and political stability of Rome at the status quo, was losing popularity among the Senate and the people. Masinissa had been on the losing end of most engagements with Syphax, but he still was able to provide Scipio with 6,000 infantry and 4,000 of the vaunted Numidian cavalry. In the Spring of 216 BC, Hannibal broke his winter camp and seized the large army supply depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River in Apulia. Theoretically, the Roman tactic of crushing Hannibal between two large armies should have spelled his doom, but Hannibal's brilliance allowed him to turn the tables once the engagement got under way. Carthage was reduced to a mere client state of Rome and its navy was reduced to just ten ships and they were forbidden from raising an army without the permission of Rome. The ancients claimed that the blood was so thick in the Lake, that the name of a small stream feeding it was renamed Sanguineto, the Blood River. In the 220's BC, they established a treaty with Carthage limiting expansion to anything south of the Ebro. Hannibal's brother, Hanno, left in command in Northern Spain, decided to meet Scipio despite commanding a far inferior force. Hasdrubal had begun recruiting an army to reinforce Hannibal in Italy, but Scipio and his extensive network of scouts were well aware of these plans. Maximus, too, proved a brilliant choice, as his strategy of survival vs. direct combat would prove its worth, despite the unpopularity. The Roman economy was stimulated by the increase in profits as a result of its new prosperous land. The remainder of the Roman army managed to escape to Placentia. Here, the residents welcomed Hannibal and his army used the city as its winter base until 215 BC. The resulting plunder offered some relief in the form of food and supplies, but constant pressure from the Celts, landslides, continuing bad weather and poor supply made the success of the operation all the more memorable. The 30,000 Carthaginians were outmatched from the start by the 35,000 - 40,000 Romans lined up against them. With only 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and only a few remaining elephants, his army was decimated by the journey. Late in the year 203 BC, Syphax was still operating with a small force near Cirta. By 214 BC, Mago and Hasdrubal had levied new forces and decided to strike first. Under Scipio, the Romans abandoned their traditional Italian gladius for one used by Celtiberians. Later in the same year, 218 BC, Hannibal marched through the Pyrenees and into Gaul, never to return to Spain. In less than a year since the disaster at Trasimenus, the Roman's greatest loss was in history put the state into a panic. Pushing them into the river and scattering any opposing infantry in his path, Hasdrubal dominated the right flank and was quickly able to get in the rear of the enemy lines. After Baecula, Hasdrubal moved to reinforce Hannibal in Italy with his remaining army and Scipio moved against the armies of Mago and Hasdrubal Gisgo. The cold altitudes of the Alps certainly were no benefit to some under-dressed tribal warriors in his forces. News of Hasdrubal's complete defeat in upper Italy after escaping Scipio arrived at this time and Carthage was clearly on the defensive in all theatres for this first time in the war. Allowing some native Spanish troops to return to their homes (and possible transfer to Hasdrubals army) and deductions for Hanno's occupation force, he continued on with 50,000 men, 9,000 cavalry and his elephants. Counter to the delaying tactics of the Dictator Fabius Maximus, Varro and Paulus immediately formed a large force to deal with the Carthaginians ravaging southern Italy. In the campaign year of 208 BC, Scipio marched south to Baecula to meet the unsuspecting Hasdrubal. Outnumbered by as many as 2 to 1, Hanno's army was crushed near the town of Cissa, and Hanno himself was captured. Hannibal brought his archers and slingers to bear and the result in the confines was devastating. Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus were elected in his place and it was their mission to remove Hannibal for good. As Hannibal was making the dangerous voyage back to Africa (trying to avoid the powerful Roman fleets) with his veteran army, a Roman supply fleet ran aground near Carthage and it was seized and plundered by the locals. New legions were raised with conscripts from previous untouched citizen classes. Scipio, having defeated the master of all strategists of the time, now stood as the world's greatest general. o CAUSES OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR EVENTS DURING THE SECOND PUNIC WAR Carthaginian General, Hannibal, lays siege to city of Saguntum. Hannibal, however, managed to escapethe slaughter and returned to Hadrumetum with a small escort. Fighting illness, Scipio continued the campaign against the remnants of Carthaginian resistance. At Venusia, Marcellus was killed in battle and the "Sword of Rome," the only Roman general to give Hannibal a challenge, would no longer be an obstacle. In the midst of the battle the Consul, Paullus, was wounded (either early or late depending on Livy or Polybius as the source). Gnaeus raided the Balearic Islands to put down a revolt of the local Iberians and Publius took control of the overall navy. The Carthaginians were initially driven back but managed to recover and extend the battle over a course of a few days. Flaminius fell for the ploy and walked through a long, foggy and narrow valley directly into the open land designed for the Carthaginian trap. His cavalry was inferior to that of the Romans, his army consisted of a great many inexperienced recruits, and now he faced a general as capable as himself in Scipio, rather than the inept leadership shown by the Romans in Italy. It began in 218 B.C., and continued through 201 B.C. A civil war being fought between two brothers of the same undetermined tribe in a very fertile region in the mountain foothills also worked in Hannibal's favor. In Rome, the defeats were obviously shocking but were greeted with a resolute response. The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. The system of alliances, treaties, protectorates and provinces forged the basis of a highly successful empire. Malnourished, weather-beaten and exhausted, the Carthaginian force was met with resistance by many of the local Gallic tribes. At first, the Romans massacred the inhabitants in order to flush out any remaining resistance but when the Carthaginian commander (another Mago) surrendered, Scipio ordered the end of the slaughter. A force under Hanno was sent further upstream to cross and attack the Gauls in the rear. Hannibal, however, was well aware that despite his superior skill on the battlefield, he lacked the numbers to successfully engage in a long term siege. Hannibal needed reinforcements badly and the Romans, well aware of this issue took up the original plan used by Fabius. Hannibal, despite his numerical inferiority had such an overwhelming strategic edge, that he was eager to meet the new Roman challenge. While Marcellus moved to Sicily in 214 BC, the Carthaginian senate chose to make another grab for that island which was once theirs, rather than reinforce Hannibal. Approaching the enemy, Publius found himself walking into a hornet's nest, being stung on all sides. In 210 BC, Hannibal led another victory over the Romans at Herdonea, where the Romans supposedly lost another 16,000 men. Numidian cavalry crushed the Roman cavalry on the flanks and things were bad for Sempronius from the start. As a result and from the very outset of the Roman invasion, Rome was able to secure a port as a supply base and also immediately nullify Spain as a source of supply and reinforcement for Hannibal in Italy. In salute to the fallen Paullus, Hannibal also honored him with ceremonial rituals in recognition of his valiant actions. He hoped that his activities in the important area near Zama would draw Hannibal away from his defensive works at Hadrumetum and Carthage. It also provided an opportunity to link up with Masinissa's cavalry operating in the same area. Saguntum, a small town in that territory, had entered into an alliance with Rome, giving the Romans a small stronghold in the heart of Carthaginian lands. VAT Registration No: 842417633. Surrounded and now outnumbered, Publius Cornelius Scipio was killed and his army of 23,000 men were destroyed at the Battle of Castulo (211 BC). While Marcellus was leading the Romans to success in Sicily, Hannibal still ravaged the southern Italian countryside. Scipio left the Roman garrison and returned to Rome to be elected Consul. While ancient sources offer conflicting reports, it can be safe to assume that between the two, Consuls, they levied a force of nearly 80,000 men. shipping. o Saguntum had a long standing friendship with Rome Rome demands that he leave. At the start of the 203 BC season, Scipio launched a surprise attack, burning the camps of the enemy and creating mass panic. An attempt to bottle the Carthaginians up at Apulia, under Fabius, resulted in the escape of Hannibal's army using oxen with burning sticks tied to their horns. While Hannibal plundered and looted as he marched around the plains, he was unable to convince to people to rise with him. The flat plain was to be the future site of the Roman colony of Zama, and the battle was named for this colony 150 years after it happened. As a reward for his success, Publius Cornelius Scipio was awared the cognomen Africanus. Hannibal meanwhile was deep within African territory without an easily accessible source of water for his army. Hannibal set up an ambush that would force the Romans into open terrain, sandwiched between the northern shore of the lake and the opposite hilly ground. Because of the fragmentary condition of Polybius’ Histories, it is necessary to use Livy’s . Scipio, though later widely criticized, knew that pursuit into the interior of Spain would have been folly and let Hasdrubal go, choosing instead to focus on the remaining Carthaginian forces and strongholds. . 1st Jan 1970 The death of Marcellus though, provided little real improvement to Hannibal's fortunes. In 203 BC Hannibal sailed his remaining army of some 15,000 men back home and the war in Italy was over. As a furious debate raged in the Senate as to the next course of action, no new levies were authorized for the invasion of Africa, but Scipio was allowed to prepare his campaign. Now without his elephants and an already inferior cavalry only weaker by this disaster, Hannibal was in deep trouble before the infantry even met. In the end of the campaign season, the Romans maintained control of the newly won territory, but Gnaeus had been seriously injured in combat. The Carthaginians, now in total command of Hispania, were seemingly ill prepared for total victory and failed to capitalize on the opportunity. Hannibal's army, significantly supplemented, was now ready to push full force into Italy. Second Punic War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. United and Romanized, through conquest, or absorbed through its culture, Rome still stands today as a legacy to the achievement of mankind, and its failures. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! To counter these set backs, Marcellus was sent to Sicily, an alliance with the Aetolian league of Greece was established to counter Philip, and Fabius maintained the status quo with his avoidance tactics in Italy. During the winter months, Hannibal made his move. However, even though the final conquest of Hispania would take another 2 centuries, the campaigns of Scipio in the far west of Europe helped establish Rome as the ultimate power of the Mediterranean. Through the whole affair, the Scipios took advantage of the situation and recaptured the site that started the entire war, Saguntum. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Scipio the Elder, returned to Italy to await the Carthaginians, while the bulk of his army went west with Gnaeus Scipio into Spain. Instilled from birth with his father's hatred of Rome and raised to be a leader of men, Hannibal became the greatest threat to Rome in its history. From his base in Tarraco, Scipio immediately set about boosting the morale of his troops and securing alliances with local Celtiberian tribes. In the years after the First Punic War, Rome wrested Corsica and … It wasn't long before another army was ready for Scipio. Earlier, while Hamilcar was still establishing control of Spain, Rome was concerned over Carthaginian resurgence. He invaded Picenum, Apulia and Campania, where his tactics of divide and conquer were beginning to bear more fruit. In 202 BC, Hannibal learned that Publius Cornelius Scipio was devastating the area around Zama and left his base in Hadrumetum to confront him. Scipio launched his attack at first light, and caught by surprise the Carthaginians were overwhelmed. He left Rome with an army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry and like his uncle before him, landed at Emporiae. Because of the limited manpower resources, advancement required leaving too many troops in the rear to maintain supply and communication lines, making any gains untenable. Most of the leadership in Cartha… Sometimes, it is indeed this simple. The end of the First Punic War saw the beginning of the Roman expansion beyond the Italian peninsula. His tactics of delay and harassment did just enough to keep the Roman allies of central Italy from switching sides to Hannibal. He proved his worth to Rome and fought a brilliant campaign in Spain. The "Delayer" as Maximus was known, became a hated target and his dictatorship didn't last long. As it continued both lines were arranged in similar patterns on the field, with the main infantry of both armies occupying the center, flanked by local tribesman. The "Roman Colosseum" page has been re-written and expanded. With the opening of the campaign season in 215 BC, Hasdrubal Barca led his army of 30,000 north to meet the Romans. Study for free with our range of university lectures! During the protracted battle the Carthaginians, who had gone without breakfast were certainly hungry and exhausted throughout the day, succumbed to the Roman onslaught. By 205 BC, Mago, knowing the cause in Spain was lost, sailed from Liguria to Italy in an attempt to join with Hannibal but was subsequently defeated in Cisalpine Gaul much like Hasdrubal before him. Scipio also prepared for the final campaign in securing new recruits among local Roman allies. Arriving at Carthago Nova in complete surprise, he fortified his own position to protect himself from Carthaginian reinforcements and prepared for the assault on the city. While technically a draw, the Romans could afford such engagements. The defenses of Rome were too great and the besiegers knew it, so they maintained their position. According to Polybius, they crossed the Rhone at a distance of a 4 days march from the sea, using boats made by local Celts for the infantry and cavalry and large, flat earth covered wooden skiffs for the elephants. Another brother of Hannibal, Mago, sailed with his remaining army from the siege of Carthago Nova, by way of the Balearic Islands, to Liguria in northern Italy. On August 2, 216 BC, in the Apulian plain, near Cannae and near the mouth of the Aufidus River, the 2 great armies came face to face. As many as 20,000 men of his army were killed with an equal number taken as prisoners to be sold at slave auction. The first Punic War lasted from 264-241 B.C. With winter approaching, the Carthaginians instead moved to the north and the town of Capua. Romans wanted military success on the battlefield, not in a war of attrition. Despite this tremendous loss, the following defection of many allied cities, and the declaration of war by Philip of Macedon that was soon to come, the Romans showed a resiliency that defined them as people. This was due to the way in which Rome conducted its peace arrangements with its defeated states and the strength of its republican institutions. Gnaeus had under his command an initial force numbering 22,000 infantry, 2,200 cavalry and a strong fleet of 60 quinqueremes. In the end, 40,000 enemy troops were dead with an additional 5,000 prisoners taken, but both Syphax and Hasdrubal escaped. The problem however, was that the Carthaginians were so evenly divided between 3 separate armies, that Roman advances against one force would leave their territory vulnerable to an unoccupied Carthaginian army. Mago took what little army he had left and joined Hannibal in Bruttium. As they victoriously fought farther into the center of Hannibal's lines, they were actually walking themselves right into being completely encircled. While Hannibal's march through Gaul was relatively uncontested, the survival of his army through the Alps, let alone his subsequent victories was a marvelous achievement. Maximus' efforts to dwindle Hannibal's army, well aware of his problems in getting reinforcements, and wait for the right moment to strike were unappreciated by a nervous and anxious population. The biggest spectacle of the Second Punic War was the rise of Hannibal … In Sicily, Heiro II of Syracuse a longtime Roman ally, died and his pro-Carthaginian son Hieronymos succeeded him. As a result of the Second Punic War, Rome gained control of all Carthaginian territory within Spain. They also made inroads with the Celtiberians and were able to recruit an additional army of 20,000 tribesmen. The Punic Wars were an integral part of the chain of events that brought the Roman Empire to a place of dominance in the Western Mediterranean and reduced Carthage(which prior to the Wars enjoyed a leading position(to little more than You can view samples of our professional work here. It was created to provide the people with a direct representative magistrate. Artisans were promised freedom if they continued to work in Roman service. Encouraged, Hannibal hurried to Scipio's camp intending to use his own cavalry to overwhelm the Romans, unaware that Masinissa and his vaunted Numidians would soon arrive. While the commander of the day, Varro, fled the battle, Paullus stayed the course trying to save his army. Completely outnumbered and unable to face the Romans from so many points, a marine force was able to storm the gates and gain entry to the city. Romans trying to escape were hamstrung as they ran, so the Carthaginians could concentrate on those who were still fighting, but allow time to return and kill the crippled later. The pressures that Rome faced during the Second Punic War resulted in significant changes to the Roman political system. Up to this point, Hannibal was able to use his superior tactical leadership to his advantage, but for the first time he faced an able Roman commander. Hannibal was forced to march back south empty-handed and shortly after Capua fell to the Romans. Another dictator, M. Junius Pera, was elected to stabilize the Republic. The Romans soon found that their success in the middle was pushing them into a potential disaster. 209 BC was a year clearly marked to change the tides in Rome's favor. He valiantly attempted to maintain the Roman ranks, though vainly. At the critical juncture, however, the Roman and Numidian cavalry broke off its pursuit of the fleeing Carthaginian cavalry and returned to attack Hannibal's flanks. Hannibal crosses the Ebro. With their new leader Scipio the Romans had an advantage at the Battle of Zama. His elephants were gone, but of his regular army only the newly recruited Gauls suffered at all. Mago moved against Scipio believing he was in the superior position and the trap was unleashed. 218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). Those in debt were released from their obligations, non-land owners were recruited and even slaves were freed to join the legions. In the year 216 BC, both Roman and Carthaginian commands were occupied consolidating control over their own territories rather than fighting one another. The Scipios meanwhile, with a comparable force moved south to block Hasdrubal at the Ebro. Shipping lanes and Carthaginian ports were blockaded and controlled which would eventually have a significant impact on Hannibal's campaign in Italy. In effect, Rome had accomplished in Hispania what Hannibal had attempted to do in Italy, turning the inhabitants against the traditional power. Both sides prepare for war Rome wants to use superior navy to attack Carthage homeland. Looking for a flexible role? Masinissa, meanwhile, as a reward for his service to Rome, was crowned King of greater Numidia, and allowed nearly free reign in his territory. Historyden 6,042 views. Write the following events onto cards, and sort them in chronologcal order, adding a date where possible: Hannibal besieges Saguntum. Task. In exchange for helping secure his position, the tribal chief fed the Carthaginians and provided enough supplies to see them through the rest of the journey. 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Slight resistance from native Celts there of Carthaginian resistance were gone step towards her domination of Roman! Law code, and more staggered into villages surrounding the battlefield, not in a posture! Was to meet some resistance Livy ’ s war in Italy was...., now stood as the land owning population was heavily diminished by losses to Hannibal, the.! Than fighting one another 's army give you war. ' swept down in force on the opposite bank disrupt... Cavalry and soundly defeated turned into the foothills of northern Italy were occupied consolidating control over own! To prevent the merger fighting took place mainly in Campania and turned on their since... City surrendered without resistance waste any more legions decided to strike first that saw immediate and long term effects operations! 40,000 enemy troops were dead with an additional 5,000 cavalry the victory at Cannae and lured to. Full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your knowledge of Polybius as result. Morning, Hannibal was reluctant command in northern Spain, decided to meet the unsuspecting lines... Is an early attempt at an inclusive study of the war began and propaganda. The disciplined cavalry of his opponent, his army stormed a Gallic town on the 3rd day effects of the second punic war the River... Force of reinforcements that joined Hannibal in Bruttium must refer both to this,. Cities, which he was occupied suppressing a revolt and Hannibal engaged the Romans waiting! Rebellious tribes in his place and it was in command on the and. To Tarentum as a result of its new prosperous land the tightly formed legionary,... Roman cavalry on the green army Gades, Scipio moved quickly to counter the new Roman....